Insimbi engagqwali inikeza izinzuzo eziningi zezinto ezibonakalayo ezinhlobonhlobo zezicelo zezimboni, kodwa indlela yokugaya ekhethiwe ingathinta ikhwalithi kanye nobuqotho bezingxenye ezenziwe ngale nsimbi eguquguqukayo.
Lesi sihloko sihlola isizathu sokusetshenziswa kwensimbi engagqwali ezingxenyeni ezahlukene kanye nezingxenye, futhi sibheka indima yokuqopha nge-photochemical njengobuchwepheshe bokucubungula obungenza kube nokwenzeka ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo yokusetshenziswa emisha nenembile kakhulu.
Kungani ukhethe insimbi engagqwali? Insimbi engagqwali empeleni iyinsimbi ethambile enokuqukethwe kwe-chromium okungu-10% noma ngaphezulu (ngesisindo). Ukwengezwa kwe-chromium kunikeza insimbi izakhiwo zayo ezihlukile zensimbi engagqwali, ezingamelani nokugqwala. Okuqukethwe kwe-chromium yensimbi kuvumela ukwakheka kwefilimu ye-chromium oxide eqinile, enamathelayo, engabonakali, engamelani nokugqwala ebusweni bensimbi. Uma yonakele ngomshini noma ngamakhemikhali, ifilimu ingazilungisa, uma nje kukhona umoya-mpilo (ngisho nangobuningi obuncane kakhulu).
Ukumelana nokugqwala kanye nezinye izakhiwo eziwusizo zensimbi kuthuthukiswa ngokwandisa okuqukethwe kwe-chromium kanye nokwengeza ezinye izinto ezifana ne-molybdenum, i-nickel kanye ne-nitrogen.
Insimbi engagqwali inezinzuzo eziningi. Okokuqala, le nto ayigqwali, kanti i-chromium iyisici sokuxuba esihlinzeka ngensimbi engagqwali ngale khwalithi. Amazinga aphansi e-alloy amelana nokugqwala ezindaweni zasemanzini ezinomoya kanye nezamanzi ahlanzekile; amazinga aphezulu e-alloy amelana nokugqwala ezindaweni eziningi ze-acid, izixazululo ze-alkaline, kanye nezindawo eziqukethe i-chlorine, okwenza izakhiwo zazo zibe usizo ezitshalweni zokucubungula.
Amazinga akhethekile aphezulu e-chromium kanye ne-nickel alloy amelana nokukhula futhi agcina amandla aphezulu emazingeni okushisa aphezulu. Insimbi engagqwali isetshenziswa kabanzi kuma-heat exchanger, ama-superheater, ama-boiler, ama-feedwater heater, ama-valve kanye namapayipi ajwayelekile, kanye nasezinhlelweni zezindiza nezindiza.
Ukuhlanza nakho kuyinkinga ebaluleke kakhulu. Ikhono lensimbi engagqwali lokuhlanzwa kalula lenze kwaba ukukhetha kokuqala kwezimo eziqinile zokuhlanzeka njengezibhedlela, amakhishi nezindawo zokucubungula ukudla, kanti ukuqeda okukhanyayo kwensimbi engagqwali okulula ukukugcina kunikeza ukubukeka kwesimanje nokukhangayo.
Okokugcina, uma ucabangela izindleko, ucabangela izindleko zezinto zokwakha kanye nokukhiqiza kanye nezindleko zomjikelezo wokuphila, insimbi engagqwali ivame ukuba yindlela eshibhile kakhulu yezinto zokwakha futhi ingaphinde isetshenziswe ngo-100%, iqedela wonke umjikelezo wokuphila.
“Amaqembu okusika” ensimbi encane eqoshiwe nge-photochemically (kufaka phakathi i-HP Etch ne-Etchform) asika izinsimbi eziningi ngokunemba okungenakuqhathaniswa noma kuphi emhlabeni. Amashidi nama-foil acutshungulwayo ahluka ngobukhulu kusukela ku-0.003 kuya ku-2000 µm. Kodwa-ke, insimbi engagqwali ihlala iyisinqumo sokuqala kumakhasimende amaningi enkampani ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwayo, amazinga amaningi atholakalayo, inani elikhulu lama-alloy ahlobene, izakhiwo zezinto ezinhle (njengoba kuchaziwe ngenhla), kanye nenani elikhulu lokuqeda. Yinsimbi ekhethwayo yezinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi ezimbonini eziningi, egxile ekusetshenzisweni kwemishini 1.4310: (AISI 301), 1.4404: (AISI 316L), 1.4301: (AISI 304) kanye nezinsimbi ezincane zezinsimbi ze-austenitic ezaziwayo, i-ferritic ehlukahlukene, i-Tensitic (1.4028 Mo/7C27Mo2) noma izinsimbi ze-duplex, i-Invar ne-Alloy 42.
Ukuqopha nge-photochemical (ukususwa kwensimbi ngokukhetha nge-mask yokumelana ne-photo ukuze kukhiqizwe izingxenye ezinembile) kunezinzuzo eziningana ezingokwemvelo ngaphezu kwamasu okwenziwa kwensimbi yendabuko. Okubaluleke kakhulu, ukuqopha nge-photochemical kukhiqiza izingxenye ngenkathi kususwa ukuwohloka kwezinto ngoba akukho ukushisa noma amandla asetshenziswayo ngesikhathi sokucubungula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inqubo ingakhiqiza izingxenye eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ngenxa yokususwa kwezici zezingxenye ngesikhathi esisodwa kusetshenziswa i-etchant chemistry.
Amathuluzi asetshenziselwa ukuqopha angowedijithali noma ingilazi, ngakho-ke asikho isidingo sokuqala ukusika isikhunta sensimbi esibizayo nesinzima ukusifaka. Lokhu kusho ukuthi inani elikhulu lemikhiqizo lingakhiqizwa kabusha ngaphandle kokuguga kwamathuluzi nhlobo, okuqinisekisa ukuthi izingxenye zokuqala nezesigidi ezikhiqizwayo ziyafana.
Amathuluzi edijithali nawengilazi nawo angalungiswa futhi ashintshwe ngokushesha okukhulu nangokwezomnotho (ngokuvamile kungakapheli ihora), okwenza abe afaneleke kakhulu ekukhiqizeni amaphrothoyipi kanye nokukhiqiza okuningi. Lokhu kuvumela ukwenziwa ngcono komklamo "okungenangozi" ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa yimali. Isikhathi sokuguqula silinganiselwa ukuthi sishesha ngo-90% kunezingxenye ezigxiviziwe, okudinga nokutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu kusengaphambili ekusetshenzisweni kwamathuluzi.
Izikrini, Izihlungi, Izikrini kanye Nokugoba Le nkampani ingaqopha uhla lwezingxenye zensimbi engagqwali okuhlanganisa izikrini, izihlungi, izikrini, iziphethu ezisicaba kanye neziphethu ezigobayo.
Izihlungi nezisefo ziyadingeka emikhakheni eminingi yezimboni, futhi amakhasimende avame ukudinga imingcele yobunzima kanye nokunemba okukhulu. Inqubo yokusika i-photochemical ye-micrometal isetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza uhla lwezihlungi nezikrini zemboni ye-petrochemical, imboni yokudla, imboni yezokwelapha kanye nemboni yezimoto (izihlungi ezisikiwe zisetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zokujova uphethiloli kanye nama-hydraulic ngenxa yamandla azo aphezulu okunamathela). I-micrometal ithuthukise ubuchwepheshe bayo bokusika i-photochemical ukuvumela ukulawulwa okunembile kwenqubo yokusika ngobukhulu obu-3. Lokhu kwenza kube lula ukudalwa kwamajiyometri ayinkimbinkimbi futhi, uma kusetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwamagridi nezisefo, kunganciphisa kakhulu izikhathi zokuhola. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izici ezikhethekile kanye nokwakheka okuhlukahlukene kokuvuleka kungafakwa kugridi eyodwa ngaphandle kokukhulisa izindleko.
Ngokungafani namasu okusebenza endabuko, ukuqopha nge-photochemical kunezinga eliphakeme lobuchwepheshe ekukhiqizeni ama-stencil amancane nanembile, izihlungi kanye nezisefo.
Ukususwa kwensimbi ngesikhathi esisodwa ngenkathi kugqwala kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukufakwa kwe-geometries yemigodi eminingi ngaphandle kokufaka izindleko ezibizayo zamathuluzi noma zomshini, futhi ama-meshes agqwala ngesithombe awanama-burr futhi awacindezeleki lapho izinto ziwohloka khona lapho amapuleti abhobokile evame ukuguquguquka khona.
Ukuqopha nge-photochemical akushintshi ukuphela kwendawo okucutshungulwa kuyo futhi akusebenzisi ukuxhumana kwensimbi nensimbi noma imithombo yokushisa ukushintsha izakhiwo zendawo. Ngenxa yalokho, inqubo inganikeza ukuphela okuyingqayizivele kobuhle obuphezulu ensimbi engagqwali, okwenza ifaneleke ukusetshenziswa kokuhlobisa.
Izingxenye zensimbi engagqwali eziqoshwe nge-photochemical zivame ukusetshenziswa ezisetshenziswayo ezibaluleke kakhulu kwezokuphepha noma ezindaweni ezibucayi kakhulu – njengezinhlelo zokubhuleka ze-ABS kanye nezinhlelo zokujova uphethiloli – futhi ukugoba okuqoshwe kungagotshwa ngokuphelele izikhathi eziyizigidi ngoba inqubo ayishintshi amandla okukhathala kwensimbi. Amanye amasu okusebenza njengokusebenza ngomshini nokuqondisa avame ukushiya ama-burrs amancane kanye nezendlalelo eziphinde zahlelwa kabusha ezingathinta ukusebenza kwentwasahlobo.
Ukuqopha nge-photochemical kususa izindawo ezingase zibe khona zokuqhekeka kokusanhlamvu kwezinto ezibonakalayo, kukhiqize ukugoba kwezingqimba okungenawo ama-burr kanye nokuhlelwa kabusha, okuqinisekisa impilo ende yomkhiqizo kanye nokuthembeka okuphezulu.
Isifinyezo Insimbi kanye nensimbi engagqwali zinezakhiwo eziningi ezenza zifaneleke kakhulu ezisetshenziswa ezimbonini eziningi. Nakuba kubhekwa njengento elula ukuyicubungula ngamasu okwenziwa kwensimbi yendabuko, ukugoba nge-photochemical kunikeza abakhiqizi izinzuzo ezibalulekile lapho bekhiqiza izingxenye eziyinkimbinkimbi nezibalulekile ekuphepheni.
Ukuqopha akudingi amathuluzi aqinile, kuvumela ukukhiqizwa okusheshayo kusukela ku-prototype kuya ekukhiqizweni okuphezulu, kunikeza cishe ubuningi bezingxenye obungenamkhawulo, kukhiqiza izingxenye ezingenayo i-burr kanye nokucindezeleka, akuthinti ukufudumala kwensimbi kanye nezakhiwo, kusebenza kuzo zonke izinhlobo zensimbi, futhi kufinyelela ekunembileni okungu-±0.025 mm, zonke izikhathi zokuhola zingezinsuku, hhayi izinyanga.
Ukuguquguquka kwenqubo yokuqopha nge-photochemical kwenza kube ukukhetha okuthakazelisayo kokukhiqiza izingxenye zensimbi engagqwali ngezindlela eziningi eziqinile, futhi kukhuthaza ukusungula izinto ezintsha njengoba kususa izithiyo ezikhona emasu okwenziwa kwensimbi yendabuko konjiniyela bokuklama.
Into enezakhiwo zensimbi futhi equkethe izakhi ezimbili noma ngaphezulu zamakhemikhali, okungenani eyodwa yazo eyinsimbi.
Ingxenye yezinto ezifiphalisiwe eyakheka emaphethelweni ento yokusebenza ngesikhathi somshini. Ngokuvamile ibukhali. Ingasuswa ngamafayela esandla, amasondo okugaya noma amabhande, amasondo ensimbi, amabhulashi e-fiber abrasive, imishini ye-water jet, noma ezinye izindlela.
Amandla e-alloy noma izinto zokumelana nokugqwala nokugqwala. Lezi yizimpawu ze-nickel ne-chromium ezakhiwe kuma-alloy njengensimbi engagqwali.
Isenzakalo esiholela ekuqhekekeni ngaphansi kokucindezeleka okuphindaphindiwe noma okushintshashintshayo ngenani eliphakeme kakhulu elingaphansi kwamandla okunamathelana kwezinto. Ukuqhekeka kokukhathala kuyathuthuka, kuqala ngemifantu emincane ekhula ngaphansi kokucindezeleka okushintshashintshayo.
Ukucindezeleka okuphezulu okungagcinwa ngaphandle kokwehluleka kwenani elithile lemijikelezo, ngaphandle kokuthi kuchazwe ngenye indlela, ukucindezeleka kuphenduka ngokuphelele ngaphakathi komjikelezo ngamunye.
Noma iyiphi inqubo yokukhiqiza lapho insimbi isebenza noma ishintshwa ukuze kunikezwe umsebenzi wokusebenza isimo esisha. Ngokubanzi, leli gama lihlanganisa izinqubo ezifana nokuklama nokuhlelwa, ukwelashwa kokushisa, ukuphathwa kwezinto kanye nokuhlolwa.
Insimbi engagqwali inamandla aphezulu, ukumelana nokushisa, ukusebenza kahle kakhulu kwemishini kanye nokumelana nokugqwala. Izigaba ezine ezijwayelekile zakhiwe ukuze zimboze uhla lwezakhiwo zemishini nezomzimba zezinhlelo zokusebenza ezithile. Amabanga amane yile: uhlobo lwe-CrNiMn 200 series kanye nohlobo lwe-CrNi 300 austenitic; uhlobo lwe-chromium martensitic, uchungechunge lwe-400 oluqinile; i-chromium, uhlobo lwe-ferritic oluqinile lwe-400 series; Ama-chromium-nickel alloys aqinile anezici ezengeziwe zokwelapha isixazululo kanye nokuqinisa ukuguga.
Ekuhlolweni kokudonsa, isilinganiso somthwalo omkhulu endaweni yokuqala enqamulayo. Sibizwa nangokuthi amandla okugcina. Qhathanisa namandla okukhiqiza.